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No More Gender Rating in California

The practice of paying different rates based on gender for the same insurance is called gender rating.  Effective January 1, 2010, health insurance companies and HMO’s writing insurance in California will not be able to charge men and women different rates for the same type of insurance policy.  It has been reported that currently, California women pay anywhere from 5% to 30% more than male counterparts for equivalent insurance, even on policies without maternity coverage.

The issue was helped along by San Francisco City Attorney Dennis Herrera who sued state officials for gender rating, claiming that the practice violates provisions of the California Constitution.   The suit was stayed while details of the bill were negotiated and, in light of the new California health insurance law, will likely be dismissed.

As reported by the Associated Press, a House committee has voted to strip the health insurance industry of its exemption from federal antitrust laws as senators announced plans to take the same step.  The House Judiciary Committee voted 20 to 9 to repeal a law that exempted the health insurance industry from federal controls over certain antitrust violations, including price-fixing.  It is our belief that this repeal will not likely survive any national healthcare bill.

On Monday October 19, 2009, Lisa Girion of the Los Angeles Times reported on the healthcare reform bills being debated in Congress and their potential impact on claim denials by insurers. Girion states that, “Despite growing frustration with the way health insurers deny medical treatments, major healthcare bills pending in Congress would give patients little new power to challenge those sometimes life-and-death decisions.” She further explains that “a patient’s ability to fight insurers’ coverage decisions could be more important than ever because Congress, in promoting cost containment and price competition, may actually add to the pressure on insurers to deny requests for treatment.”

The article discusses the wrongful death lawsuit filed by Hilda and Grigor Sarkisyan, whose daughter Nataline died in 2007 after Cigna decided not to cover a liver transplant. The lawsuit against Cigna over the transplant denial was dismissed this year by a federal judge, who ruled that the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) preempts suits with state law claims for damages over such health benefit decisions. The Sarkisyans traveled to Washington this year to try to persuade members of Congress to pass legislation which would remove ERISA’s bar of certain types of damages that are now available under state law.

Rep. Adam B. Schiff (D-Burbank), who met with the Sarkisyans in Washington, said that there are not enough votes in Congress to pass such legislation.  Insurers and employers strongly support ERISA’s limitations on damages. They say any increase in litigation would drive up costs and could force some employers to drop health benefits.

The healthcare reform bill pending in the House would extend the right to sue under state law for damages to anyone who buys coverage through one of the health insurance exchanges it envisions. That could include small businesses. However, the pending legislation does not remove ERISA’s barrier to such suits by employees who procure coverage in the employment-based insurance market.

Allison Bell of the National Underwriter reported on September 11, 2009 that approved disability claims rose more quickly in 2008 at the Social Security Disability Insurance program than at private disability insurers. She explained that the Council for Disability Awareness in Portland, Maine reported that findings in a summary of results from an analysis of SSDI program data and a survey of the 15 CDA member disability insurance companies were as follows:

SSDI applications rose 5.9% in 2008, to 2.3 million, and the number of workers approved for SSDI benefits increased 8.7%, to 895,000, the CDA reports.

The percentage of workers covered by the SSDI program who are receiving SSDI benefits increased to 4.8% in 2008, from 3.5% in 1998.

At CDA member companies, the number of individuals receiving long-term disability benefits payments increased 1.5% in 2008, to 573,500, and 30% of the member companies’ LTD claimants do not qualify for SSDI benefits, the CDA says.

Because of the aging of the U.S. workforce, the percentage of claims filed by workers under age 50 has been declining, and the number filed by workers over that age has been increasing.

  • But 27% of the survey participants said the overall claims rate has stayed about the same, and 64% said the incidence rate has been falling.

Only one of the participating companies said the recession has had any noticeable effect on disability claims.

In Marin General Hospital v. Modesto & Empire Traction Co., 581 F.3d 941 (9th Cir. 2009), the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that section 502(a)(1)(B) of ERISA did not completely preempt state-law causes of actions for breach of contract, negligent misrepresentation, quantum meruit and estoppel brought by a hospital against a patient’s employer and its claims administrator based on an alleged oral agreement between the hospital and claims administrator to pay for services provided by the hospital. Because the claims could not be pursued under section 502(a)(1)(B), the Ninth Circuit concluded that the state-law claims were not preempted, depriving the court of subject matter jurisdiction. Accordingly, removal from state court was improper and the case was remanded to the district court with instructions to remand the matter to state court.

Marin General Hospital (“Hospital”) contended that its representative spoke to a representative of Medical Benefits Administrators of M.D. Inc. (“Medical Benefits”) on April 8, 2004 to confirm that a prospective patient had health insurance through a plan provided by his employer, Modesto & Empire Traction Co., and administered by Medical Benefits.  The Hospital contended that the Medical Benefits representative verbally verified the patient’s coverage, authorized treatment, and agreed to cover ninety-percent of the patient’s medical expenses. The Hospital sued Medical Benefits and Modesto & Empire in state court and the defendants successfully removed the case to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, claiming that ERISA completely preempted the claims. The district court subsequently dismissed the Hospital’s complaint, concluding that the only remedy available was under ERISA § 502(a)(1)(B).

The Ninth Circuit first found the parties “have not clearly understood the difference between complete preemption under ERISA § 502(a), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a), and conflict preemption under ERISA § 514(a), 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a).” Complete preemption under § 502(a) is a jurisdictional doctrine. A party seeking removal based on federal question jurisdiction must show either that the state-law causes of action are completely preempted by § 502(a) of ERISA, or that some other basis exists.

The court then explained that removal was only proper if the Hospital’s state law claims were completely preempted under section 502(a)(1)(B) of ERISA. It then examined whether the claims asserted by the Hospital were completely preempted by ERISA, concluding that they were not. In reaching this conclusion, the Ninth Circuit clarified a distinction between complete preemption under section 502(a) and conflict preemption under section 514(a). Citing to Franciscan Skemp Healthcare, Inc. v. Central States Joint Board Health & Welfare Trust Fund, 538 F.3d 594, 596 (7th Cir. 2008), the Ninth Circuit explained that complete preemption under section 502(a) is “really a jurisdictional rather than a preemption doctrine, [as it] confers exclusive federal jurisdiction in certain instances where Congress intended the scope of a federal law to be so broad as to entirely replace any state-law claims.” In contrast, the “rule is that a defense of federal preemption of state-law claims, even conflict preemption under section 514(a) of ERISA, is an insufficient basis for original federal question jurisdiction.”

Relying on Aetna Health Inc. v. Davila, 542 U.S. 200, 210 (2004), the Ninth Circuit explained that a state-law cause of action is completely preempted by section 502(a)(1)(B) if: (1) “an individual, at some point in time, could have brought [the] claim under ERISA section 502(a)(1)(B);” and (2) “where there is no other independent legal duty that is implicated by a defendant’s actions.” Based on this conjunctive two-prong test, the Ninth Circuit concluded that the Hospital’s state-law claims were not pre-empted.

One of the most interesting questions in ERISA litigation is: What constitutes the administrative record for purposes of determining whether the administrator abused its discretion in making a claim determination?  Bartholomew v. Unum Life Ins. Co., 579 F. Supp. 2d 1339 (W.D. Wash. 2008) helped answer this question.

Plaintiff, who sued to recover benefits under her long-term disability (LTD) plan, sought to expand the scope of discovery under ERISA by seeking documents outside the Administrative Record. Among others, the Plaintiff requested; “Details of compensation and financial incentives,” “revenue and profitability reports for the last 10 years,” and “[a]ny document discussing the claims handling process published during the last 10 years.” Despite the recent rulings in Abatie allowing weight to be given to structural conflict of interest analysis, the District Court held that Plaintiff was not allowed to engage in a fishing expedition. Here, the discovery requests were not narrowly tailored to lead to discovery of admissible evidence. Therefore, Plaintiff’s request for discovery outside the statutory guidelines was appropriately denied.

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